The restoration and reconstruction of submerged macrophytes communities are commonly employed for ecological rehabilitation of water body. Research into the relationship between submerged macrophytes and water quality in Moshui Lake, one of the largest lakes in Hanyang District, Wuhan, can serve as an essential reference for the restoration of contaminated lakes and water bodies in the city. In this study, the Moshui Lake ecological treatment project in Wuhan City was taken as an example, and three submerged macrophytes, Vallisneria natans, Hydrilla verticillata and Myriophyllum spicatum, which are frequently utilized in water restoration in China, were used as the objects of the study. The survival rate of submerged macrophytes and their effects on the water quality indicators of total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand, and chlorophyll in Wuhan Moshui Lake under configuration patterns involving one type of submerged macrophytes and two types of submerged macrophytes are investigated. The results revealed that the survival rate of submerged macrophytes was higher in configuration pattern involving two submerged plant species. In addition, the submerged macrophytes exhibited a higher removal rate of water quality indicators. Pearson correlation analysis showed that the correlation between the survival rate of submerged macrophytes and water quality parameters under different submerged macrophytes configuration patterns was not significant. When utilizing submerged macrophytes to restore water ecosystems, it is important to rationally allocate different species and utilize scientific management techniques for post-maintenance to achieve grass-type lake development.