The Yangtze Basin is one of the major agricultural production bases and economic zones in China. The study of the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of meteorological drought in the basin can provide scientific support for coping with extreme drought climate events. Using CN05.1 and NEX-GDDP-CMIP6 datasets, the standardized precipitation index (SPI) at scales of 1, 3, and 12 months was calculated after evaluating the accuracy of simulated precipitation. The spatio-temporal characteristics of meteorological drought in the Yangtze Basin were analyzed, as well as the evolution trend under the SSP2-4.5 scenario. The main results obtained are as follows: (1) NEX-GDDP-CMIP6 can reasonably reproduce the spatial distribution pattern and seasonal variation characteristics of precipitation, with high correlation; (2) the spatial distribution of average drought duration and intensity at different time scales is similar, and the regional differences in the upstream area of the Yangtze River are higher than those in the downstream; (3) compared with the past, the frequency of drought in the Yangtze Basin will generally decrease in the future, and the average drought duration and intensity will decrease in some areas such as upper reaches and the Dongting Lake Basin and Han River Basin. Long-duration and high-intensity droughts are mainly concentrated in the middle and lower reaches.