Based on the data of temperature, precipitation, runoff and extreme climate index from 1954 to 2015, this paper discusses the relationship between extreme climate and extreme hydrological events, and reveals the climate indicators that affect the hydrological process of the Yarkant River Basin. The results show that: (1) the annual average temperature of the Yeerqiang River basin shows a significant upward trend (0.30℃·10a-1), and the mutation time is 1998, The annual average precipitation showed a steady upward trend (0.4mm·10a-1).(2) The runoff of the basin showed a steady upward trend (2.0mm·10a-1), and the threshold of extreme runoff was 73.9 mm. There were 18 extreme runoff events in 64 years, and the extreme runoff showed a significant upward trend (1.1mm·10a-1).(3)The runoff and extreme runoff changes in the basin are dominated by extreme temperature, and the impact of extreme precipitation is small. The factors affecting runoff from large to small are warm night days, continuous non precipitation days, summer days, frost days and total extreme precipitation; The factors affecting extreme runoff from large to small are frost days, warm night days, summer days, total extreme precipitation and continuous no precipitation days.