With the Yellow River Basin in Shanxi Province as the research object, this paper analyzes and calculates the in-and-out and self-producing runoff and sediment discharge, with the observed hydrologic data being used, based on the principle of water and sediment balance. It makes analysis of the the runoff and sediment discharge to look for the characteristics of the variety of the runoff and sediment discharge and the influence factors in the Yellow River Basin in Shanxi Province. This paper also describes the distributed areas of the sediment losses, and makes an analysis with the Wudinghe River Basin as the study case.